PhD Thesis Writing: a General Guide to Writing

Albert Barkley

A PhD thesis is an important academic paper that presents the research and findings of an author and it is submitted by a student to avail the doctoral degree. The complexity of the research to gather the data for a PhD thesis varies from one country to another country or from one university to another university. A PhD thesis is a lengthy piece of writing and most of the students are not able to complete it before the deadline and they try to get help from experts of PhD thesis writing services. A general guide to writing a PhD thesis is given below; Understand PhD thesis structure The structure of a PhD thesis provides look to a thesis and it lasts the first impression on the minds of the readers. Therefore, before commencing PhD thesis writing task, the students should have enough idea about the general structure of a PhD thesis. A PhD thesis structure consists of the following components;

  1. Title page

The title page is the first page of a PhD thesis. On the title page, the students should write the following things;

  1. Title of thesis
  2. Student’s name
  3. Supervisor’s name
  4. Date of submission
  5. Department’s name
  6. Name of the institution
  7. Abstract

An abstract of a PhD thesis is its brief summary. By reading the abstract of the PhD thesis, the readers can understand the purpose of writing the thesis. An abstract also provides an answer to the question of why is it necessary for the readers to read this PhD thesis. The maximum length of an abstract of a PhD thesis should not exceed from 400 words. Some essential tips to write an abstract of a PhD thesis are given below;

  1. First of all, you should identify your purpose of writing a PhD thesis
  2. Secondly, you should explain the problem at hand
  3. Thirdly, you should explain your methods
  4. Fourthly, you should summarize the results of your thesis
  5. At last, you should sum up your summary by giving closure to your thesis
  6. Table of contents

It is a fact that a PhD thesis is a lengthy piece of writing and it is also divided into different components. Therefore, it is necessary for you to prepare a table of contents in the PhD thesis. In this table of contents, you should write the headings and subheadings of your PhD thesis along with their page numbers. These headings and subheadings should be indented.

  • List of figures

While writing a PhD thesis, you will have to explore your concepts with the help of some figures. You should also provide a list of these figures along with page numbers in the list of figures page.

  • List of tables

Along with figures, it is also necessary for the students to include some tables in a PhD thesis. A list of tables along with their page numbers should also be included in the list of tables’ page.

  • Introduction

The introduction is the first major chapter of a PhD thesis. Most of the students try to write the introductory section of the PhD thesis before other chapters. It is the wrong strategy. No doubt, the introduction is the first major chapter of your PhD thesis but it should be written after completing the rest of the chapters. The introductory chapter of your PhD thesis should be compelling and it should motivate the readers to read the rest of your thesis. Some essential tips to write a compelling PhD thesis are given below;

  1. Explain the goals of writing the PhD thesis
  2. Provide sufficient background information, so that it should allow the readers to understand the significance of the research questions
  3. Acknowledgement of the previous work. It is possible only if you have read lots of papers relevant to the topic of your PhD thesis
  4. Try to explain the scope of your research
  5. Methods

With the help of the research methodology chapter of the PhD thesis, you should try to convince the readers that your research is helpful for them and it should contribute something new in your subject area. To write a PhD thesis, you have to gather a huge amount of data either by adopting a qualitative research methodology or quantitative research methodology. The research methodology chapter will provide a complete detail about your data collection method. Some essential tips to describe your overall approach in the research methodology chapter of your PhD thesis are given below;

  1. You should commence the research methodology writing task by restating your research questions
  2. You should develop your overall approach (either qualitative or quantitative) by establishing your overall methodological approach
  3. You should also define your gathered data
  4. You should also tell the audience members why you have not used other research methods
  5. You should cite all the sources that are contributing to your choice of research methodology
  6. You should also describe how to analyze the results
  7. You should also explain either your findings are generalized or transferred
  8. Results

After conducting in-depth research to write a PhD thesis, you will find some new things. These are known as findings of your PhD thesis. These findings should be written in the results section of the PhD thesis. The results section of your PhD thesis will provide an idea to the readers whether you have achieved the required goals to write the PhD thesis or not. You should summarize the findings of your research into clear and concrete statements of facts.

  • Discussion

There are four main components of the discussing chapter of a PhD thesis. First of all, the students have to state their interpretations. Secondly, students have to declare their opinions. Thirdly, the students have to explain the effects of their findings. Fourthly, the students have to make predictions for future research. Some essential tips to write the discussing chapter of PhD thesis are given below;

  1. The structure of the discussing chapter should be specific to the general
  2. While writing the discussion chapter, you have to adopt a consistent tone
  3. You should commence a discussion chapter writing task by restating your hypothesis
  4. You should try to explain the results of your literature
  5. You should give proper attention to the results of your thesis
  6. You should defend the answers to your research questions
  7. There should be a discussion about all the unexpected findings of your research
  8. There should be a brief summary of the implications of your findings
  9. You should try to discuss each and everything in a specific manner
  10. Conclusions

The conclusion is considered as the last chapter of the PhD thesis. In the conclusions, the students have to summarize all the main points of a PhD thesis. While writing the conclusion, you should keep in mind that there is no need to include such a main point relevant to your topic idea that is not explained in the main body of your thesis. Some essential tips to write conclusion are given below;

  1. Summarize the strongest and most important statements of your thesis
  2. Summarize the new observations, interpretations and insights relevant to your topic idea
  3. You should also try to include the broader implications of the results of your thesis
  4. There is no need to repeat the sentences of abstract, introduction and discussion in the conclusion rather than you should summarize the main points in your words
  5. Recommendations

It is a fact that there is a limit of words in your PhD thesis. Therefore, it is almost impossible for us to cover all the angles of the topic in our thesis. As a result, there is a possibility of some gaps in our thesis. In the recommendations, the students have to explain gaps in their research and they should provide the recommendations for the future research relevant to that topic idea.

  1. Acknowledgement

To write a lengthy piece of writing just like a PhD thesis, you will have to get help from others. The acknowledgement section of the PhD thesis provides a chance for the students to thank all the people who have provided assistance to you while writing the PhD thesis.

  1. References

To write the PhD thesis, you will have to gather the data from different resources. In the references section of the PhD thesis, it is necessary for you to provide a list of all the resources from where you have gathered the data for your PhD thesis. The references section of the PhD thesis has two main advantages. First of all, it saves your thesis from the plagiarism issues. Secondly, it tells the readers that the information written in your thesis is gathered from authentic resources.

  1. Appendices

There is some data like tables, calculations and list of equipment etc that are not in the main body of the thesis. The students can write it in the appendices.

These are the main components of your PhD thesis. Anyhow, before commencing the PhD thesis writing task, you should read all the guidelines and requirements to write the thesis. By reading these guidelines and requirements, you will get an idea which things are required by your advisor.

Tips to write a PhD thesis After clearly understanding the structure of the PhD thesis, the next step is to commence the thesis writing task. No doubt, to write a PhD thesis is a time-consuming task. Therefore, you will face lots of obstacles to write a PhD thesis. Some essential tips to write a PhD thesis are given below;

  1. Make a schedule

Without preparing a schedule, it is almost impossible for you to complete the PhD thesis writing task before the deadline. You should set some deadlines to write each chapter of your PhD thesis. You should also think how much pages are required to write in a day to complete the PhD thesis before the deadline. You should work on the PhD thesis writing task by setting a routine and you should choose such hours of the day for the PhD thesis writing task during which you are feeling fresh.

  • Just start writing

After preparing a schedule for the PhD thesis writing task, you should commence the thesis writing task as soon as possible. Its reason is that a PhD thesis is a lengthy piece of writing and if you delay it, you will face lots of difficulties to complete it before the deadline. If you have some solid reasons to delay the thesis writing task, you will have to prepare a new timeline to write a PhD thesis.

  • The first draft is not the final draft

To write a PhD thesis, the students should keep in mind that the first draft of their thesis is not the last draft. Therefore, they should continue the thesis writing task without taking care of the perfectness of sentences and arguments. After completing the first draft of their thesis, they should refine their work during rewriting and revising process.

  • Be flexible

While writing a PhD thesis, there is a possibility that there may occur a writer’s block. The students should overcome writer’s block calmly. No doubt, due to this writer’s block, their schedule will be disturbed. The students should adjust their schedule accordingly and try to complete their thesis before the deadline. While preparing a timeline to complete the thesis, the students should set their deadline before the actual deadline. This kind of flexibility will allow the students to adjust their deadlines under critical circumstances.

  • Write the introductions last

As we have discussed earlier that an introduction is the first main chapter of PhD thesis but it should be written after completing the rest of the sections. Its reason is that if you are going to write the introductory chapter of your thesis before resting of the sections, there is a possibility that you may be stuck because you don’t have enough idea what things you are going to introduce in your thesis. On the other hand, if you write the introductory chapter of your thesis after writing the main body of your thesis, it will be easy to you to get an idea about those thoughts that you are going to introduce in your thesis.

  • Move around

While writing a PhD thesis, you will feel that some sections are straightforward and some sections are difficult. While writing the difficult section of your thesis, if there occurs a writer’s block, you should move towards straightforward section and try to complete it when you are feeling fresh. This is the best technique to save you valuable time while writing a thesis.

  • Get feedback early

It is a fact that different supervisors have different preferences. If you get feedback on your thesis after completing it, there is a possibility that your thesis will not fulfil the preferences of your supervisor. As a result, you will have to revise the complete thesis. On the other hand, if you are getting feedback from your advisor after writing each section of your thesis, you will be able to get an idea about the preferences of your supervisor. As a result, you will try to write the next sections of your thesis by giving importance to the preferences of your advisor. This early feedback will also provide you with a sense of satisfaction that you are doing the right work.

  • Take care of yourself

It is a common proverb that a sound body has a sound mind. To write a PhD thesis, there require unique and original ideas. The only way to generate unique and original ideas for your thesis is to keep your mind fresh. Therefore, while writing a thesis, it is also necessary for you to take care of yourself. To take care of yourself means that you should spend at least 6 to 8 hours in enjoying the sound sleep, in order to fresh your mind you should take short breaks during thesis writing hours, you should take exercise on the regular basis and you should eat a well-balanced diet.

  • Use a reference manager

To write a PhD thesis, you will have to gather the data from hundreds of resources. If you want to prepare a list of these resources at the end of the thesis writing task, there is a possibility that you may forget some references and they may occur plagiarism issues in your thesis. Therefore, it is also an essential tip for you to keep a record of these references while writing the thesis. For this reason, you can get help from a reference manager like Endnote or Zotero.

  1. Give a reward to yourself

After writing each section of your PhD thesis, you should give the reward to yourself. This reward can be in the form of spending some hours in socializing with your friends or going outside with your friends for a cup of tea. After giving a reward to yourself, you will get new enthusiasm to write a thesis.

Proofreading and editing of PhD thesis After creating the first draft of your PhD thesis, the next step is to proofread and edit it. Proofreading and editing mean to identify all the mistakes from your thesis and try to remove these mistakes from your thesis. Some essential tips to proofread and edit the PhD thesis are given below;

  1. Copy editing

The copy-editing process of a PhD thesis consists of five steps. First of all, you will have to proofread your thesis for several times. Secondly, you will have to remove all the spelling mistakes in your thesis. Initially, spellchecker software is the best choice for you to remove all the spelling mistakes from our thesis. Anyhow, you can’t rely on the spellchecker software. That’s why you should perform the final checking with your eyes. Thirdly, you should make sure that you have used complete sentences in your thesis. Fourthly, you should remove all the grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes from your thesis. At last, you should give your thesis to an expert and ask him to identify all the mistakes in your thesis.

  • Content editing

After the copy editing, there comes content editing. There involve three steps in content editing of a PhD thesis. First of all, you have to take an overview of the logical flow of all the paragraphs and sentences of your PhD thesis. Secondly, you should avoid repetition of words and sentences in your thesis. At last, you should take an overview of the style of your thesis.

  • Avoiding ambiguity

The words or phrases that have more than one meanings come into ambiguity. While writing a PhD thesis, you should make sure that your thesis is free from these kinds of words and phrases. While proofreading and editing, you should try to avoid ambiguity in your PhD thesis. Some essential tips to avoid ambiguity in your PhD thesis are given below;

  1. There is no need to use nested clauses or phrases in your PhD thesis
  2. There is no need to use such clauses and phrases which have more than one meanings
  3. You should avoid the use of double negative sentences in your thesis
  4. There is no place of dangling participles in your PhD thesis
  5. There should be an agreement between the use of subjects and verbs in your thesis
  6.  There is no place of noun strings in your thesis
  7. There is no need to use unexplained acronyms in your thesis

Conclusion To write a PhD thesis is the last hurdle to cross to get a PhD degree. The first step to write the PhD thesis is to get an idea about the structure of your thesis. In the structure of a PhD thesis, there come title page, abstract, list of contents, list of figures, list of tables, introduction, research methodology, discussion, conclusion, results and findings, references and appendices. Some essential tips to create the best quality content for a PhD thesis are to create a schedule, to commence thesis writing task as soon as possible, to get feedback from the advisor after writing each section of thesis, to use the reference manager, to take care of yourself and to give reward to yourself. After completing the first draft of your thesis, the next step is to proofread and edit it and try to remove all the grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes from your thesis.

7000 Words Dissertation Structure

Albert Barkley

Before commencing the dissertation writing task, the expert writers should have enough idea about the structure and word count of different chapters of the dissertation. Here, the professional writer from our dissertation writing services  will discuss how to structure the 7000 words dissertation.

7000 Words Dissertation Structure

A dissertation is a lengthy piece of writing and it is divided into several components like introduction, literature review, research methodology, results, discussions, and conclusion. The arrangement of the dissertation content in these components is known as the dissertation structure. Due to the difference in the lengths of dissertations, the word counts of these chapters of the dissertation are also different.

  • Introduction

The introduction is the first main chapter of the dissertation. In the introductory chapter of your dissertation, it is necessary for you to tell the readers what you have written in the rest of the dissertation. That’s why while writing the introductory section of your dissertation, you have to set up the dissertation structure and you have to explain the purpose of writing the dissertation. The total length of the introductory section of the dissertation is 10%. If we are writing a 7000 words dissertation, the length of the introductory section of the dissertation should be only 700 words.

  • Literature review

Before commencing the dissertation research, it is necessary for the students to take a thorough overview of all the work that is already published relevant to your topic idea. For this reason, the students have to collect lots of resources relevant to their topic idea and after collecting these resources, they have to analyze these resources. The percentage of the literature review chapter of the dissertation is 30%. In the 7000 words dissertation, the literature review chapter of the dissertation should consist of 2100 words.

  • Methodology

To write the dissertation, you have to gather a huge amount of data. There are two possible research methodologies to gather the data for your dissertation. First is known as qualitative research methodology and the second is known as a quantitative research methodology. While writing the dissertation, it is necessary for the students to provide a complete overview of the research methodology that they have adopted to gather the data for their dissertation. The percentage of research methodology chapter of a dissertation is 15%. It means that the research methodology chapter of a dissertation consists of 1050 words.

  • Findings / Results

The main aim of writing a dissertation is to gain some results or findings relevant to your topic idea. In this section, the students have to write the results and findings of the dissertation research and the complete process of how they have gained these findings and results. The percentage of the findings or results section of a dissertation is only 5%. It means that in 7000 words dissertation, the results or findings section of the dissertation should consist of only 350 words.

  • Discussion

Discussion is also known as the main chapter of your dissertation. In the discussion chapter of the dissertation, it is necessary for the students to explore the meanings and implications of their research. These meanings and implications of the research are discussed by providing relation with the research questions. It is also necessary for the students to explain the limitations of research while writing the discussion chapter. The percentage of discussion chapter is 30%. It means that in 7000 words dissertation, the discussion chapter of a dissertation should consist of 2100 words.

  • Conclusion

The last chapter of the dissertation is known as the conclusion. It is also considered as the main chapter of the dissertation. Its reason is that in the concluding chapter of the dissertation, it is necessary for the students to summarize all the main points of the dissertation. While explaining these main points of the dissertation, the students should keep in mind that they can’t add any point relevant to his topic idea that he has not explained in the main body of the dissertation. The percentage of the concluding section of the dissertation is 10%. It means that the concluding section of the dissertation should consist of 700 words.

To Sum Up;

It is one of the most important requirements of a dissertation that should be written by following the professional structure and format. The students can easily structure the 7000 words dissertation. The introductory section of the dissertation should not exceed 700 words. The literature review chapter of the dissertation should consist of 2100 words. You should write 1050 words in the research methodology chapter. The results and findings of the dissertation should be explained in 350 words. The discussion chapter of the dissertation should have 2100 words and the concluding chapter of the dissertation should consist of 700 words.

Learn Case Study Writing Like a Pro

Albert Barkley

The case study is usually written in the social sciences and life sciences. It is a research method that involves in-depth research about a subject. The contextual conditions of this subject are also discussed in the case study. We can easily formulate a case study by following the formal research method. That’s why most of the case studies appear in formal research venues like journals and professional conferences. While writing the case study, you will have to study a case. This case can be relevant to an individual person or it can also be relevant to an organization. Here the professional writer from our team sheds light on the types of cases study, If you are not able to write down the best quality case study, subjects of case study, case study writing help, tips and format, the layout of the case study.

Types of case studies

There are several types of case studies and there are also several types of subjects of these case studies. Each type of case study is based on a different hypothesis. Some essential types of case studies are explained below;

  • Explanatory

The main focus of the explanatory case study is on the explanation of a question or a hypothesis. If you are going to write a case study about humans, it can’t be explanatory. Its reason is that to write a case study about humans, you will have to take an overview of lots of variables. On the other hand, if you want to write an event case study, it can be explanatory. For example, if a researcher is going to write a case study about the failure of an event, he can easily write it by adopting an explanatory case study writing technique. For this reason, they prepare a detailed report about the failure of this event. After that, they investigate the actions that become the cause of this failure. At last, they also provide an idea of how to prevent this kind of failure.

  • Exploratory

An exploratory case study is a precursor of a large scale research project. The main aim of writing the exploratory case study is to prove that further investigation is required to prove a specific event. Mostly, exploratory case studies are written in psychology and other social sciences. Its reason is that almost all the psychologists are looking for new ways to treat their patients. With the help of exploratory case study writing technique, they can find out new ways to conduct research to find out new ideas and theories relevant to their subject.

  • Collective studies

To write a collective case study, it is necessary for the writers to gather information from multiple resources. After gathering information from these resources, they are in a better position to formulate the case for the new study. After getting information from the previous studies, they are not only able to save their time but they are also able to save their money. While writing the collective case study, it is also easy for the students to write the similarities as well as differences about a specific topic idea. The main aim of writing the collective case study is to gather the data from previous studies in order to formulate a general investigation about the issue.

  • Intrinsic case study

An intrinsic case study provides an opportunity for students to learn. The students can write a case study either about an individual or a group. The case of the intrinsic case study is such that it explores the primary interest of the case. While writing the intrinsic case study, the students have to present their findings in the form of values, attitudes, and perspectives.

  • Instrumental case study

If you want to gain an insight into a specific topic idea, you will have to write an instrumental case study. For example, if a researcher wants to get an idea about the interest of the students towards exercise, he will have to choose a school and focus on the students of this group. There is no need for the researcher to develop exercise programs in this school. The researcher just needs to get an idea about the relationship between students and exercise.

  • Illustrative case study

This is known as a primary and descriptive case study. To write such a case study, the researchers have to utilize two instances. After utilizing these instances, the researchers have to get an idea about the likeness of these instances. The main aim of writing the illustrative case study explores those facts that are unfamiliar to the readers. The readers and researchers can also get a common language about the topic of the case.

  • Critical instance case study

Sometimes, the students are asked to write a case study by exploring the causes and effects of a particular case. This kind of case study is known as a critical instance case study. This case study is written to examine the interest of the readers.

  • Observational

By using this method, the students gather the data by conducting formal or informal interviews. For example, if a researcher has to write a case study to examine the interest of the workers during the break in the canteen, the researcher has to conduct interviews from the workers. Moreover, a researcher can also get an idea about their interests by spending some days with them in the canteen during the break time.

Subjects of case studies

There are five major subjects of case studies. Either you are going to write an instrumental case study or any other kind of case study; you will have to discuss one subject in your case study. These subjects are explained below;

  • Person

This kind of case study has only one participant. With the help of this kind of subject, it is possible for us to determine different kinds of outcomes.

  • Group

The subject of this kind of case study consists of more than one people. These people are connected with each other in the form of a group. This group can be in the form of a family, friends or coworkers.

  • Location

The main focus of this kind of case study is on a particular place. While writing this case study, the researchers have to provide the answer to the question of how and why people use this place.

  • Organization

The main focus of this kind of case study is a particular organization. The main focus of this kind of case study is on the people who are working in an organization and a particular event which is occurring within the organization.

  • Event

As we know that there happen some cultural as well as social events. In this case study, a researcher has to provide an idea about the possible effects of that event.

Tips to write a case study

By writing a case study, it is helpful for the students to examine their challenges and goals. The length and focus of the case study vary. Some essential tips to write a case study are given below;

  • Determine the objectives of the case study

The main aim of writing a business case study is to determine the value of the services. Therefore, the main focus of the case study should be on the objectives of the clients. The objectives to write a case study are given below;

  1. It should comply with the government regulations
  2. It should lower the business costs
  3. You should try to devise such activities that are helpful to you to generate more revenue
  4. You should become more sustainable

  • Establish a case study medium

To write down the case study, it is also necessary for you to determine the medium. Its reason is that a case study is not written on a single page. To write down the case study, you can use different media. Some essential mediums to write the best quality case study are given below;

  1. You can write a case study in the form of an ebook and after writing it, you can convert it in the PDF format.
  2. You can also write a case study in the video format. One can easily create a video case study by shooting a video with the client or by shooting an interview.
  3. You can also write the case study in the form of infographics by shooting your story from top to the bottom.
  4. Podcasting is also an important media to create your case study. This kind of case study is more real and human to the audience.

  • Find the right case study candidate

If you are writing a case study about yourself, there is no need to get permission from others. On the other hand, if you are going to write a case study about someone else, it is necessary for you to get his permission.

  • Contact the candidates for permission to write about them

After selecting the best candidate to write the case study, the next step is to get permission from him. It is possible only if you set an open and clear stage of communication with these candidates. For this reason, you will have to devise the clear plan, objective and format to write the case study. After devising the clear subject to write the case study, the chances to get permission from the candidates will be increased. In order to get permission from the candidate, you can also offer some benefits to him. Some essential benefits that you can offer to a candidate are given below;

  1. Brand exposure
  2. Employee exposure
  3. Product discount
  4. Backlinks and website traffic

  • Draft a case study release form

A case study release form provides a complete detail about the subject of your case study like what kind of information is required to use in the case study. Some essential points to consider while drafting the case study release form are given below;

  1. Why are you creating this case study?
  2. How will you use this case study?
  3. What kind of traditional trademarked information is required to write the case study?
  4. What are your expectations from the participants of the case study?
  5. What is your compensation to write the case study?

  • Ensure you are asking the right questions

In order to gather the data for your case study, you will have to ask some questions from the candidates. You should be very careful while devising questions for a case study. Some essential questions to ask in a case study are given below;

  1. You should ask some questions about the business of the candidate
  2. You should ask some questions about the needs and objectives of the business
  3. Ask some questions about the decision process
  4. Ask some questions about the implementation process

  • Layout case study format

After gathering enough information to write the case study, the next step is to devise it. Some essential things to consider about the format of the case study are given below;

  1. Title

The title of your case study should be short. You should try to devise such a topic for your case study that is succinct and interesting for the readers.

  1. Subtitle

After devising the title for your case study, the next step is to devise the subtitle.

  1. Executive summary

The executive summary of a case study consists of two to three sentences. In these two to three sentences, you will have to tell the entire story of your case study.

  1. Challenges and objectives

There are some objectives and goals of an employee. While achieving these objectives and goals, they have to face some challenges. While writing the case study, it is also necessary to describe these goals, objectives and challenges into two or three paragraphs.

  1. Product or service solution

In the two or three paragraphs of your case study, it is also necessary for you to describe how you will be able to find out the solutions to your problems.

  1. Results

There are some expected results of the products or services of a company. In the case study, it is necessary for you to provide an idea to the readers how your products or services will be helpful for the people or company.

  1. Future plans

In the case study, it is also necessary for you to provide an idea to the readers about the future plan of your company.

  1. Call to action

It is optional. Anyhow, you can write it in your case study in order to encourage the readers to visit the website of your company.

Characteristics of a case study

The length, depth of research and market situation of different case studies are different. Therefore, while writing the case study, you should ensure the following characteristics;

  • A case study should be written in the form of a story. It means that there should be a clear beginning and end of a case study.
  • While writing a case study, you will have to follow an outline. Therefore, you should ensure a logical flow in your case study.
  • The context of a case study should be such that it should provide a clear solution to a problem.
  • The main focus of a case study should be towards the interest of the customers. Therefore, while writing a case study, you will have to ensure the relationship of the customers with the company.
  • While writing a case study, it is also necessary for you to add some inspiring and logical actions.
  • You are not writing a case study for the technical people only. Therefore, there is no need to add some technical terms in your case study. In other words, your case study should be free from the jargons.
  • While writing a case study, you will have to list all the benefits of your case study. These benefits should be listed in the form of statistics. In other words, your case study should be grounded in data.
  • The main aim of writing a case study is to teach a lesson to the audience members. Therefore, you should organize the case study in such a way that it should be easily swimmable for the audience members.
  • In a case study, it is necessary for you to write all the results of your company.
  • At the end of the case study, you should try to inspire the others. It is possible only if you have added a call to action at the end of the case study.

Advantages of a case study

If you have written a case study by ensuring all the above characteristics, you can enjoy the following advantages;

  • A case study acts likes an intensive study of a unit. It means that a case study will explore and investigate an event thoroughly and deeply.
  • There is no sampling in the case study method. Its reason is that while writing the case study, you will have to follow all the perspectives of a social unit.
  • A case study can provide a continuous analysis of a specific life event.
  • It is also helpful for further studies. Its reason is that on the basis of the results of a case study, it is easy for us to formulate a new hypothesis.
  • It is written on the basis of the study of unity. Therefore, it is possible for us to compare different kinds of facts with the help of a case study.
  • By reading the case study, one can easily get enough analytical power to increase his knowledge about a specific life event.
  • It is based on the generalization of the data. Its reason is that with the help of a case study, it is easy for us to illustrate the statistical findings.
  • It is also known as a comprehensive method to gather the data.
  • We can also use a case study to locate the deviant cases.
  • By reading the case study, it is also easy for us to formulate a questionnaire or schedule.

Limitations of a case study

Along with these benefits, there are also some limitations to a case study. These limitations are explained below;

  • The focus of a case study is narrow. Therefore, we can say that a case study has limited representatives. Moreover, the generalization of a case study is also impossible for us.
  • While writing the case study, we have to study a small unit. Due to this small unit, the classification of a case study is also impossible.
  • While writing the case study, you will have to memorize some things and you will have to make some judgments. Due to these reasons, there is a possibility of some errors while writing the case study.
  • We can write a case study by adopting the subjective method only. In other words, there is no possibility of the objective method while writing the case study.
  • To write the case study is a very difficult method. Therefore, it is very hard for a layman to write the case study.
  • Due to the narrow social unit, there is a possibility of biasing and discrimination while writing a case study.
  • The method of case study just depends upon the situations. Therefore, there are no fixed limits of investigation to write the case study.
  • To gather the data for a case study is more expensive than to gather the data for other academic papers.

Conclusion

A research method which requires in-depth research to gather the data for a specific topic is known as a case study. There are different kinds of case study like an explanatory case study, exploratory case study, collective case study and instrumental case study etc. There are five groups to write a case study. These five groups are person, group, organization, event and location. One can easily create the best quality case study by determining the objectives of the case study, by determining the medium of the case study, by getting permission from the candidate and by following the appropriate structure. There are some benefits of writing a case study like it tells the whole story, it has a logic flow, it resolves a problem and it presents the inspiring actions. The main limitations to write a case study are that it is written in the subjective form only, it has limited representations and it has no fixed limits.

A to Z of Research Proposal Writing

Albert Barkley

This research proposal writing guide has been penned down by a researcher and academic consultant in our team at The Academic Papers UK for the undergraduate, masters and Ph.D. students who look for complete guidance and information about writing a research proposal at one place.

In general, a research proposal or dissertation proposal is a brief description of the research question, research background, significance of the study as well as a proposed research methodology.

A research proposal proposes a research project. A research proposal is helpful for a student to avail sponsorship. Students are asked to write a research proposal at Undergraduate, Masters and Ph.D. level. In general, a research proposal or dissertation proposal is a brief description of the research question, research background, significance of the study as well as a proposed research methodology.

There are two types of research proposals. Some research proposals are solicited. Solicited research proposal means that it is written as a response to a request. To write a solicited research proposal, the researchers have to fulfill some specified requirements. Some research proposals are unsolicited. Unsolicited research proposals are written without any prior request and the researchers are free to write the research proposal.

Some key questions that should be answered in a research proposal are given below;

  1. What are the research questions that you are going to address in your research paper?
  2. What are the possible ways to address these research questions?
  3. How much time is required to write the research paper?
  4. What is the expense of the research paper?
  5. What are the possible results of the research paper?
  6. How to get these results?
  7. How to evaluate the results of the research proposal?
  8. How your research paper will be helpful for sponsoring organizations?
  9. What are the possible resources to gather the data to write your research paper?

The exact format and structure to write a research proposal may vary from one institute to another institute. Anyhow, there are some basics of a research proposal that are required by all the institutes.

No doubt, to write a research proposal requires a huge amount of time and you will have to follow a timeline to complete it before the deadline. If you don’t have enough time or skills to write a research proposal, you can get help from experts of research proposal writing services. Some essential tips to write a research proposal are given below;

The elements of a research proposal

A research proposal is divided into several sections. Therefore, before commencing the research proposal writing task, the students should clearly understand the elements to write a research proposal. The main elements of a research proposal are explained below;

Introduction and theoretical framework

An introduction is the first main section of a research proposal. Its main purpose is to provide the background information about the research topic and it also develops a framework for the research. After reading the introductory section of the research proposal, the readers are able to get an idea of how your research paper is relevant to other research papers. Some essential elements of the introductory section of a research proposal are given below;

  1. It should create interest in the topic
  2. It should provide a complete idea about the main foundation of writing the research proposal
  3. What is the place of your research in the broader context of the scholarly literature?
  4. There should be a thesis statement which should have main arguments about the topic of your research paper

While writing a research paper, the researchers have to work on a particular line of inquiry. This line of inquiry should be introduced in the introductory section of the research proposal. In the line of the theory of a research paper, there come lots of things like a statement of the problem, main questions of the research paper, the main hypothesis of the research paper, the rationale of your research and research instruments.

Statement of the problem

Statement of the problem is also an essential element of a research proposal. In this essential element of the research proposal, you will have to describe the context for the studies and you will have to identify the general approach that you will adopt to write the research paper. A problem of a research proposal is that issue which exists in the literature. There are some students who try to identify the problem of the research proposal in the discussion section. It is hard for the review committee members to find out that problem. Therefore, it is also necessary for us to write the statement of the problem in the form of an identical section. Due to this identical section, the problem of the statement is easily found and recognized by the readers. You should try to present the problem of the statement in easy wording, so that, it should be easily understandable for the audience members. According to experts, an effective problem statement provides the answer to the research question.

Purpose of the study

No doubt, there is a specific purpose to write a research paper. It is necessary for the researchers to explain this purpose in the research proposal. It is possible only if a researcher has enough command on the overall purpose of the research. The best way to define the main purpose of the study is to briefly define and delimit the area of your research. The purpose of the study will also act as an incorporate rationale for the studies. Some essential tips to write the purpose of study are given below;

  1. You should commence the research proposal writing task with the help of a sentence “The purpose of the research is …….” This sentence will clearly provide an idea to the readers that you are going to elaborate on the purpose of your research paper.
  2. You should clearly define and identify the central idea of your research study.
  3. You should take an overview of the specific method of inquiry.
  4. You should also take an overview of the analysis techniques

Review of the literature

The review of the literature provides an idea to the readers of the background information about the research problem. It also provides an idea to the readers that why is it necessary for us to conduct research about that topic. The committee members will also get an idea that you have enough knowledge about your topic idea and you are in a position to add something new in the existing knowledge. Some essential tips to write this essential section of a research proposal are given below;

  1. You should share the results of your studies with the readers
  2. You should show how your research is closely related to the discussed research papers
  3. You should explain the gaps in your studies and provide them with a complete plan on how to fill these gaps
  4. There should be a framework that establishes the importance of your studies
  5. You should provide an idea to the readers that you have enough command on the methodological developments relevant to your research topic
  6. In the end, you should keep the literature review section of your research proposal short and to the point

Methods and procedures

Methods and procedures provide a clear idea about the design of the research. These methods and procedures are also considered as the heart of your research proposal. Therefore, you should provide enough detail about these methods and procedures and you should ensure the continuity while explaining these methods and procedures. These methods and procedures tell the readers that how will you answer all the questions of your research proposal. Sampling, implementation, data collection and data analysis are core elements of methods and procedures. These core elements are explained below;

  1. A sampling of the data provides enough information about the validity of the research.
  2. Instrumentation provides enough idea about the instruments that you are going to use while conducting research. Some essential instruments that most of the researchers use to gather the data are surveys, scales, and interviews, etc.
  3. To write a research paper, there requires a huge amount of data. Therefore, in the data collection, it is also necessary for you to provide an idea about the possible data collection techniques and timeline to gather the data
  4. There are lots of tools to analyze the data. You will have to provide a complete detail about that tool which you will use to analyze the data of your research paper.

Limitations and delimitations

While writing a research paper, you will have to come across lots of things like analysis of the data, preparation of self-reports complete details about the instruments and much more. While managing all of these tasks, there is a possibility that a researcher is not able to overcome some problems. These problems are known as the limitations of your research. In the research proposal, it is also necessary for you to provide an idea about these limitations. On the other, the techniques that are used to limit your research study are known as delimitations. You should also clearly explain delimitations in your research proposal.

Significance of the study

The best research proposal is that which add something new in the existing knowledge of the research topic. In the significance of the study, it is necessary for you to provide an idea to committee members that how your research paper will add some new and interesting information in the existing knowledge. You can easily write the significance of the study by providing answers to the following questions;

  1. How the results of your research paper are relevant to the theoretical framework?
  2. What are the main findings of your research paper?
  3. How the results of your research paper will influence your area of studies?
  4. How to improve the results of your studies?
  5. How to implement the results of your studies?

References

To write a research paper, we have to gather data from different resources. In the research proposal, it is also necessary for a researcher to provide a list of all the resources from where he is going to gather the data for the research paper. These resources should be authentic and academic. While citing these resources, the researchers should follow such a citation style that is recommended by the committee members.

Tips to write different sections of a research proposal

After getting an idea about all the sections of a research proposal, the next step is to write these sections. Some essential tips to write different sections of a research proposal are given below;

Come up with a title for your proposal

The title of your research proposal should be relevant to your subject area and it should be interesting, concise and descriptive. After reading the title of your research paper, the readers should be encouraged to read the whole research paper. The title of your research proposal should also seem clear and accurate to the readers. There is no need to add some phrases in the title of your research proposal.

Create a title page

A title page is the first page of your research proposal. On this title page, you should write your name, the title of your research proposal and the name of your institution. While creating the title page for your research proposal, you should follow the format of the sponsoring agency. For example, if a sponsoring agency doesn’t provide any guideline about the format of the title page, you should follow the APA citation style. There should be running head on the left corner of the page. A running head is a shortened version of your title and it appears on all the pages of the research proposal. On the title page, there should be double spacing between all the words.

Summarize the proposal in your abstract

As we have discussed earlier that to write a research proposal, you will have to describe a problem. An abstract of the research proposal provides summarized detail of this problem. Along with this problem, you should also try to include the proposed solution and the main objectives of your research problem. An abstract of a research proposal should not exceed from 150 to 250 words.

List keywords that will come up in your research proposal

You should find out at least 3 to 4 keywords relevant to the topic of your research proposal. These keywords should be in the form of phrases relevant to your topic idea that people are searching on the internet. If you optimize these keywords properly in your research proposal, search engines will show up your research proposals to the readers. Therefore, lots of people can get benefit from your research proposal.

Include a table of contents

As we have discussed earlier that a research proposal is divided into different sections. Therefore, it is also necessary for you to include a table of contents in the research proposal. This table of contents provides a complete idea about all the elements that you have included in your research proposal. These elements should be included in the table of contents along with their page numbers.

Move into your introduction

An introduction is an essential element of a research proposal. One can easily write the introductory section of a research proposal by restating the title of the research proposal, by clearly defining the statement of the problem, by typing the significance of research and by stating the purpose of research.

Try to contextualize your research

No doubt, lots of research papers and academic papers will be written relevant to your topic idea. While writing a research proposal, you will have to contextualize your research in the form of a literature review. This will provide an idea to the readers about the present and past research relevant to your topic idea. While writing this section of the research proposal, you should provide credit to other researchers because this work is done by these researchers.

Describe the relevant institution resources

If you are writing a research paper for an institution, you will have to provide background information about this institute. It means that you will have to write all the relevant institutional resources that are offered by your institute to other researchers. The supportive and facilitative services of this institution also come into this section.

Identify the personnel

If you are going to write a short research paper, there is no need to add this section in the research proposal of this research paper. Anyhow, if you are going to write a lengthy research paper, you will have to write it in your research proposal. This essential section of your research proposal provides complete information about all the contributors to your research paper. You will have to write the main responsibilities and expertise of these contributors.

Include appendices

Appendices are considered as the most important section of your research proposal. Its reason is that while writing a research proposal, there are some things that are not explained in the main body of the research proposal. Under such a situation, the appendices provide us with the chance to add these things. In other words, appendices are written to further explain your research.

Project a budget

Most of the research proposals are written to get funds from different agencies and organizations. Therefore, at the end of the research proposal, you will have to indicate the anticipated cost that is required to complete the research proposal. You should provide complete detail of all the items that are required to complete the research proposal along with their costs. Moreover, it is also necessary for you to justify the costs of these items.

Writing timeline

A research proposal is a lengthy piece of writing and there requires a huge amount of time to complete it. Therefore, in the research proposal, you will have to provide research paper writing timeline. Some essential tips to write research paper writing timeline in a research proposal are given below;

Take several months to prepare your research proposal

According to researchers, if you want to create the best quality research proposal, you will have to spend at least six months in planning and composing the research proposal. Therefore, instead of waiting for the deadline to submit the research proposal, you should commence the research proposal writing task as soon as possible.

Prewrite during the phase la

The period of 14 to 26 weeks before submitting the research proposal is known as phase la. You should perform the following tasks during this period;

  1. During the 14 to 16 weeks, you should continue your research about your research question
  2. In order to get an idea about the feasibility of your research, you should contact your advisor during 17 and 18 weeks
  3. During 19 to 23 weeks, you should write something about your research proposal and try to get feedback from your colleagues
  4. During the 24 to 26 weeks, you should write the purpose of your research proposal and try to take an overview of the administrative requirements

Perform early administrative tasks during phase lb

The period of 13 to 20 weeks before submitting the research proposal is known as phase lb. During this period, you will have to identify the relevant sources to gather the data for your research proposal and try to discuss these resources with the experts. The researchers can also get the necessary transcripts regarding the research proposal from the experts.

Proofread and edit your research proposal

While writing a research proposal, there is a possibility of some mistakes. Therefore, after preparing the first draft of your research proposal, you should proofread it and try to remove all the mistakes from your research proposal. While proofreading and editing the research proposal, you should take an overview of all the sections and subsection of your research proposal and try to ensure that it is free from the grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes. You should also ensure that there is consistency between all the paragraphs and sentences of the research proposal.

To Sum Up

A research proposal is an essential document that proposes a research project. In a research proposal, the students have to list all the problems of the research paper and to list all the objectives to write the research proposal. Before commencing the research proposal writing task, the researchers should have enough idea about the main elements of a research proposal. The main elements of a research proposal are an introduction, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, review of the literature, research questions, methods and procedures, limitations and delimitations, the significance of study and references. To write a research proposal before the deadline, the researchers have to follow a timeline. After preparing the first draft of the research proposal, the students should finalize it by removing all the mistakes.

Accounting Errors types and Correction Methods

Albert Barkley

The non-fraudulent discrepancy in the financial documentation is known as an accounting error. There is a possibility of lots of accounting errors. Some general accounting errors types and correction methods have been discussed in this post by an academic consultant from our team at The Academic Papers UK.

Accounting Errors types and Correction Methods
The non-fraudulent discrepancy in the financial documentation is known as an accounting error.

The measurement and processing of the financial and non-financial information in the business and corporations are known as accounting. Accounting is also known as the language of business. A person who keeps a record of this financial information is known as an accountant. There are many fields of accounting like financial accounting, management accounting, and tax accounting, etc. The non-fraudulent discrepancy in the financial documentation is known as an accounting error. There is a possibility of lots of accounting errors. Some essential types of accounting errors along with their correction methods are explained below;

  • Omission

When a transaction is completely omitted from the books of a company, an omission error occurs. Sometimes, there is a possibility that you have forgotten to enter a transaction of a client or the sales of your products or services, an omission error will occur. It is also a fact that when an omission error occurs, it is also hard for you to locate this kind of error. The only way to remove this kind of error from your financial record is to adopt a timely method of entering these transactions. Sometimes, there is also a possibility that the documents of these transactions are lost and due to unavailability of the financial information, it is hard for you to keep a record of these transactions. If you are following a timely routine to enter these financial transactions in your financial software, there are fewer chances of occurring these kinds of errors.

  • Reversal

Debit and credit are two different kinds of transactions in accounting. Unknowingly, if an accountant enters the transactions of debit as credit, an error of reversal will occur. Similarly, if you are entering your invoice of payments as invoice of refunds, this kind of error will also occur. It is hard for you to notice this kind of error because the trial balance of your organization will be the same. In order to get rid of this kind of error, it is necessary for you to take care of the transactions of your organization. After making each transaction, you should make sure that you have done the right transaction.

  • Principle

In the banks, when debits are given to the clients, complete record of their assets and expenses is recorded in the books. It is also necessary for the accountant to keep the right record of the accounting principle. If an accountant shows any kind of negligence, an error will occur. This kind of error is very technical in nature. In order to minimize this kind of error, it is necessary for an accountant to keep a record of expenses and assets in the debit books carefully.

  • Commission

If your organization is giving commission to the sellers, it is necessary for the accountant of this organization that he should keep a record of the subsidiary ledgers. If the accountant of your organization is entering some transactions to the wrong subsidiary ledgers, an error of commission will occur. Due to this kind of error, your accounting is sending payments to the wrong invoice. It is also hard for the accountant to testify this kind of error. Its reason is that he will observe a balance in his trial amount. In order to get rid of this kind of error, it is necessary for you to carefully manage the account of each subsidiary ledger.

  • Prevention

No doubt, if you want to detect the errors of accounting, you will have to develop some essential controls and processes. You will have to keep a record of all the accounting forms and you will have to follow a consistent timetable to manage your accounting software. Due to the lack of staff members, there is a possibility of workers’ fatigue and accounting errors. In order to prevent your company from these kinds of issues, you will have to resolve the problem of understaffing in your organization. The problem of understaffing will be resolved only if you hire enough employees for each department of your organization.

After developing these methods to remove possible errors from the accounting department of your organization, you have to keep check and balance to detect and remove these kinds of errors.

Conclusion

The process of keeping a record of the financial statements within an organization is known as accounting. There is a possibility of some accounting errors within an organization. These errors can be removed by adopting some essential techniques. For example, you can remove the error of omission by taking care of your financial transactions. In a similar way, you can also get rid of the understaffing problem within your organization by hiring new employees.

Writing Dissertation Questionnaire: Do’s and Don’ts

Albert Barkley

A dissertation questionnaire is the best way to gather the data for your dissertation.  One can include either close-ended questions or open-ended questions in a questionnaire. Students’ find it tough to finalize and compose a Questionaire for research purpose and look for help. This informative post on Do’s and Dont’s has been penned down by the professional writer of The Academic Papers UK team.

A questionnaire is a research instrument and it consists of a set of questions and its main aim is to gather the data from the respondents. One can include either close-ended questions or open-ended questions in a questionnaire. There are three main characteristics of a questionnaire. First, there should be uniformity in the questions. Secondly, the nature of a questionnaire should be exploratory. At last, there should be a sequence between all the questions of a questionnaire. Structured and unstructured are two main types of questionnaires. Some do’s and don’ts of writing dissertation questionnaire are given below;

Do’s of writing dissertation questionnaire

Do’s of writing a dissertation questionnaire are those things that are necessary to add in a dissertation questionnaire. These are given below;

  • The students should keep in mind the target respondents. While preparing the questions for a dissertation questionnaire, the students should keep in mind the age and education level of the respondents.
  • The questions of a dissertation questionnaire should be anonymous for the respondents.
  • You should try to translate your research questions in a dissertation questionnaire in the form of a serious of questions.
  • You should follow the natural flow and logical conservation while setting questions in your questionnaire.
  • You should also try to maintain the interest of the respondents while setting the questions in a dissertation questionnaire.
  • You should make sure that the questions of a dissertation questionnaire should be clear and easily understandable for the audience members.
  • Sometimes, there is a possibility that your respondents don’t know the proper answer to your question. Therefore, you should try to specify don’t know option in all the questions of your dissertation questionnaire.
  • There is also a possibility that you are not able to specify some essential aspects of your question and your respondents are willing to provide the answers to your questions in some words. For this reason, you should try to specify a place to get their views.
  • You should try to gather the data from more than one ways. For example, you can gather the data by giving these questionnaires in the form of paper prints and you can also gather the data by sending these questionnaires to the respondents via some online means.
  • The questions of your dissertation questionnaire should be such that the respondents will never try to leave any question of your dissertation questionnaire.

Don’t of writing a dissertation questionnaire

There are also some things that you should avoid while preparing a dissertation questionnaire. These things are explained below;

  • There is no need to write leading questions. Its reason is that these leading questions provide an idea about the only side of the question.
  • There is no need to use some technical or vague terms. Its reason is that these technical and vague terms will make it difficult for the respondents to understand the nature of the question.
  • You should also avoid the use of absolutes in the questions of a dissertation questionnaire. Its reason is that the use of absolutes in the questions of a dissertation questionnaire is not useful to get positive feedback from the respondents.
  • The nature of the questions should not be literally. If you add literally questions in your dissertation questionnaire, the respondents will give preference to give their answer is ‘No’ rather than ‘Yes’.
  • The length of a question should be as short as possible. Its reason is that long questions will become a cause of distracting the attention of the respondents.
  • You should also avoid the repetition of questions in the dissertation questionnaire.
  • There should be no double-barreled questions in your dissertation questionnaire.
  • There is no need to add some excessive classification sections in your dissertation questionnaire.
  • You should not forget to add an introductory paragraph that provides an idea to the respondents about the main purpose of writing a dissertation questionnaire.
  • There is no need to add a variety of questions in your dissertation questionnaire.

Conclusion

A dissertation questionnaire is the best way to gather the data for your dissertation. Some do’s of writing a dissertation questionnaire are to keep in mind age and education level of the respondents, to create anonymous questions for your dissertation questionnaire, to maintain the sequence of the questions and to ensure the natural flow of the questions. There are also some don’ts of writing a dissertation questionnaire. These don’ts are to avoid the use of technical terms in the questions of your questionnaire, to avoid the use of absolutes in the questions and there is no need to create lengthy questions.

How To Write A Research Paper Step By Step

Albert Barkley
How To Write A Research Paper

If you are a student who has been assigned to write a research paper, it is essential to know all the steps of writing a research paper. However, before writing a research paper, you need to know, “what is a research paper?” A research paper is an effortless form of academic writing which requires complete information about a particular topic.  It also requires original research of the author.

 

Writing a research paper is complex and time-consuming. Here is a guide to writing a research paper step by step.

Step 1:  Select a Topic

Sometimes students feel it difficult to select a research paper topic.  You should choose an interesting topic. Don’t choose technical and general topic. For example, if your topic is about “modern generation involvement” or “social media “then you should highlight its impact and benefits on modern generation.

Selecting an interesting topic may be a daunting task but you should focus on main points. Don’t hesitate to select informative as well as the functional topic. The topic line should be written in a pithy and epigrammatic style.

Step 2: Work On the Thesis Statement

A thesis statement should be argumentative and persuasive. Writing a good thesis statement is a difficult task; however, it should be concise and reflect reality.

If you want to show the main purpose of your writing then conducting a thesis statement is most essential. The right place of writing a thesis statement is the last lines of the first paragraph. It may be applied in the last introduction.

You should devote enough time to creating a strong and good thesis statement in order to clear your purpose. Collect much evidence in order to support your claim. Expose all the information that you have collected.

Step 3: Do Research On Your Topic

Although, selecting a topic is difficult, yet researching on your topic is another complicated task, therefore, give enough time to do good research on your topic. Collect all information related to your topic and make sure that you are giving all the basic information in your work.

Most students do not make good research on their topic; therefore, they lost their grades. If you want to write a high-quality research paper then you should spend your precious time on making good research. Adopt a citation technique and write in APA, MLA, and HARVARD style. You should evaluate your resources and make your notes in order to gain good grades.

In order to credible primary resources, you should read all the notes very carefully. Adopt additional and specific style to give references to your main points. Write plagiarism free work and adopt a specific style.

Step 4: Write An Impressive Outline

Writing an impressive and informative outline is another essential step that you should keep in mind while you are thinking about writing a research paper. After making a good research, you are able to give an aggressive tone to your ideas.

Composing an outline has been a difficult task for all the students but you should not lose the main points. Set an image in your mind and make an outline.

In the research paper, you cannot present a jumble of thoughts; therefore, you should organize all your thoughts and divide into heading and sub-headings. Include interesting information in your typical research paper. You should follow the structure of a research paper that is given below:

  • A title page
  • An abstract
  • An introduction
  • Methodology section
  • Findings
  • Discussing
  • conclusion

Step 5: Write Introduction

Drafting the first paragraph is called introducing. Generally, introduction means all basic and important information that you are going to write in the next sections. Writing good information is the soul and body of a research paper. Good and impressive points in the introductions section can increase your grades; therefore, you should draft the first paragraph very carefully.

Writing a good and informative introduction is most essential, because, the introduction is the first section that people want to check firstly in your research paper. Add a good title in your first draft and make sure that your draft is concise. Here are some basic points that you should keep in mind while you are writing the introduction of a research paper.

  • The introduction should be attention-grabbing
  • It should consist of the proactive question
  • In the form of statistical
  • It should provide the usual facts.
  • The introduction should be informative

Step 6: Write the Body Of Research Paper

The body of a research paper should consist of some paragraph. Each paragraph should highlight a specific point. Don’t make the jumble of words. Write each paragraph very carefully and clear your points in each paragraph. You should make a change in the body. It is a place where you can explain all your points. You should provide relevant evidence in order to give power to your points. Highlight your key points in the middle paragraph of your research paper.

Step 7: Write Impressive Conclusion

Most students consider that conclusion is the restart of the thesis statement. However, you should keep in mind that the conclusion is the end of your research paper. You should provide a basic recommendation in the last section. Don’t skip basic information in the conclusion part. However, the conclusion is not a place where you will rewrite important points. If you want to gain good grades then you should write an impressive conclusion.

Step 8: Edit And Proofread

Don’t imagine that your research paper is completed without editing and proofreading. This is the most essential and important step, therefore, never miss it. We often make many mistakes in a hurry while we are writing a paper. Proofreading and editing give a chance to make our research paper perfect and error-free. Check spelling mistakes, comma use, incomplete sentences, daggling modifier, passive voice sentences, verb, and adjective mistakes very carefully and then collect all these mistakes. After proofreading and editing your research papers submit it and gain relaxation.

How to Study: Smart Hacks 2019

Albert Barkley

Study smarter than study harder is the best technique to get the best results. In order to study smarter, firstly, the students have to prepare themselves by managing their time and by pacing their study speeds. Here the experts from our team at The Academic Papers UK, share smart study hacks that every student should try in order to show better academic performance and staying fit at the same time.

How to Study: Smart Hacks 2019

The devotion of time and attention to gain knowledge by reading material from some helpful resources like books is known as a study. Studying is very important for the students because it is helpful for them to develop impressive study habits, to manage time effectively and to create self-discipline skills. The students should try to study smartly rather than hard. Its reason is that smart study techniques are helpful for them to gain more knowledge in less time. As a result, they will be able to free up some time for socializing. Some essential smart study hacks that are helpful for the students in 2019 are given below;

Prepare yourself for studies

Before studying any subject, it is necessary for you to mentally prepare yourself for studies. Some essential tips to prepare for studies are given below;

  • Manage your time

In order to get the best grades, it is necessary for you to study by preparing a schedule. For this reason, you can prepare a study schedule on a weekly and daily basis. You can also allocate some time per day for studies. This time can vary on the basis of your field of studies.

10 Essential Time Management Tips To Make Most Out Of Your University Life

  • Pace yourself

You should try to find the best speed for studies and try to adjust your time accordingly. For example, if one subject is easily understandable to you, you can easily clear its concepts in less time. On the other hand, if a subject is difficult to understand, you will have to spend more time to clear its concepts.

  • Get enough rest

In your study schedule, you should keep enough time for night’s sleep. Its reason is that after enjoying 6 to 8 hours in night’s sleep, you will be in a better position to pay attention to your studies.

  • Eliminate all the distractions

There are some students who try to study in the presence of some distractions like mobile phone, TV and some other electronic distractions. Due to the presence of these distractions, the attention of the students will be distorted and they will not be able to follow the study schedule.

Set up your study space

The environment of your study room can also increase or decrease the productivity of your studies. Therefore, you should also try to set up a study space before studying. You can set up study space by following these essential tips;

  • Find a good study spot

Before studying, you should try to gain full control of study space. You should manage a comfortable chair for studies, you should arrange a table, you should wear comfortable clothes and you should try to make the study space quiet.

  • Keep the television turned off

There are some students who try to watch TV while studying. It is a bad habit because TV will distract your attention from the studies and your full attention will be towards your favorite TV program or movie.

  • Snack smart

While studying, there is no need to eat such foods that are full of sugar and fat. You should try to eat nutritional and energy-boosting foods because these foods are helpful to you to remain active while studying.

Use effective study techniques

As we have discussed earlier that in order to get the best results, you should follow smart study techniques rather than hard study techniques. Some useful and effective study techniques are explained below;

  • Try a five-step approach

If you want to get the best results, you should follow five steps approach while studying. First of all, you should glance through the chapters of your book by taking an overview of their tables and figures. Secondly, you should make a question for each heading. Thirdly, you should try to find out the possible answers to these questions. Fourthly, you should try to recite the answers to your questions. At last, you should take an overview of the chapter to get an idea either you have learned all the main points of your chapter or not.

  • Highlight the most important details

While studying, it is almost impossible for us to remember each and every line of the book. Therefore, the students should try to keep a highlighter while studying and try to highlight all the main points of the book. These main points are also helpful for the students during revision.

  • Summarize or outline the material

After reading a particular article or topic, you should try to summarize it in your own words. You can also summarize it by writing down the most important points of this article or topic in the form of a table.

  • Make flashcards

You can also write the most important points of an article or topic on the flashcards. For this reason, you will have to write the questions on one side of the flashcards and try to write their possible answers on the other side. These flashcards are helpful for the students to get an idea either they have learned a particular topic or not.

  • Break things into smaller parts

Sometimes, there is a possibility that you will have to learn a lengthy topic. The best technique to learn a lengthy topic is to break it into smaller parts and try to understand this topic in these smaller parts.

Different Techniques to Get Best Marks in Assignments

Conclusion

Study smarter than study harder is the best technique to get the best results. In order to study smarter, firstly, the students have to prepare themselves by managing their time and by pacing their study speeds. Secondly, they will have to organize their study space by finding such a place that is free from the distractions. Thirdly, they will have to follow some smart study techniques like by highlighting the main points of the topic, by writing questions and answers relevant to a topic on the flashcards and by breaking the large topic into smaller parts. To enjoy sound sleep and to eat healthy food are also some essential techniques to study smarter rather than harder.

Read More:

Is your carelessness a hurdle in academic achievement? Tips on developing good study habits

10 Learning And Revision Habits Of Top Students

Dissertation Milestones

Albert Barkley

A dissertation is a well-organized piece of writing and there are some steps that are necessary for us to follow while writing a dissertation. These steps are known as dissertation milestones. It is also necessary for the students to cover these milestones of dissertation writing before the deadline. If a student doesn’t cover this dissertation writing milestones in an effective way, there is a possibility that these milestones may affect the quality of the dissertation. There are some students who don’t have enough idea about these dissertation writing milestones.

Dissertation Milestones

A brief overview of these dissertation writing milestones is given below;

DissertationMilestones
Dissertation Milestones by TheAcademicPapersUK

  • Research ethics education

The main aim of the research of a dissertation is to conduct scholarly research about a specific topic. In this research, there should involve some human subjects. Therefore, the first milestone to write a dissertation is to create an ethical sound research plan.

It is also a fact that we can’t commence the dissertation writing task without approving the topic from the supervisor. Usually, it is asked to the students to approve the topic just within 8 weeks.

  • Mentor approved a research plan

To write a dissertation, there requires a complete research plan. After completing this research plan, it is also necessary for the students to approve this research plan from the mentor. The estimated time required to approve research plan from the mentor is 12 weeks.

  • Committee approved a research plan

After approving your research plan, your mentor will share this research plan with the committee members. The committee members will ask some questions about the input and output of your research. After that, they will give approval to your research plan.

  • Institutional review board approval

The members of the institutional review board will take an overview of your dissertation and they will decide either the research participants of your dissertation are according to their established ethical practices or not.

  • Pre-data collection call

To write a dissertation, there requires a huge amount of data and this data is collected by adopting a specific data collection technique. For this reason, a phone meeting will be arranged between your mentor and committee members and they will give approval to a dissertation data collection methodology.

  • Mentor approved chapters

As we know that a dissertation is a lengthy piece of writing and it is divided into different chapters. Therefore, after writing each chapter of your dissertation, it is necessary for you to approve it from your mentor.

After approving your dissertation, your mentor will send your dissertation to the committee members. The committee members will take an overview of your dissertation and provide you with feedback about the quality of your dissertation.

On the basis of the views and feedback of the committee members, you will have to edit and proofread your dissertation.

  • Final manuscript approval

After editing and proofreading your dissertation, it is an unavoidable thing for you to send your dissertation to the committee members for final manuscript approval.

  • Submit a manuscript for publication

After that, you will have to submit your dissertation for publication.

  • Dean’s final approval

At last, your dissertation will be approved by the dean and you will be able to earn your degree with distinction.