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Religion is not new in the world of politics, but International Relations (IR) has at times set religion at the periphery of politics, assuming that we live in a non-religious world where religious aspects are matters of individuality. The current revival of religious nationalism in the United States, as well as the performances of political Islam in the Middle East, question this hypothesis. This is the most evident in India, where Hindu nationalism (Hindutva) is redefining the nature of religion and politics. The promise of religious pluralism of being a secular nation that the Indian constitution promised has been threatened by intervention in the narration of Hindu beliefs as the foundation to Indian citizenship, democracy, and foreign policy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The essay will pose the following question: What impact do religious beliefs have on politics? Taking the case study of Hindutva, this paper posits that religion not only influences politics but also forms political order by reinventing secularism through the nation state and through civilisational projection over the globe.

Migration is a key characteristic of modern global dynamics, defining population redistribution, labour markets, and cross-border social relations (Charles-Edwards et al., 2023). Migration occurs in various forms, including labour migration, racial disparities, forced displacement, and expatriate mobility. Central to this inequality lies race, defined as a socially constructed hierarchy of difference that structures power and opportunity (Sharpe, 2024). The racialisation process provides meaning to perceived racial categories, making a difference in how migrants are ruled, represented, and treated in host societies (Bautista-Chavez et al., 2024). A migrant is defined generally as someone crossing boundaries, but white professionals are usually referred to as expatriates, whereas Global South workers are classified as migrants, following racialised double standards (De Carvalho, 2023). Likewise, refugees from areas like the Middle East are regularly constructed as threats to security, in opposition to the greater sympathy with which culturally proximate groups are received, as European recent refugee crises attest (Osiewicz, 2017). This essay contends that race not only organises migrants' everyday lives, like discrimination, labour market segmentation, and rights access, but also organises conceptions of who counts as a migrant. Utilising Critical Race Theory, postcolonial insights and empirical examples from the Gulf, North America, and Europe, the essay initially describes theoretical agendas, then discusses racialised migration experiences, before exploring how race organises the classification of migrants.

The role of psychological theories in redefining management thought is one of change in that it has taken management to a stage of thought that is not a fixed assumption as in the case of early industrial models but is a more subtle interpretation of human behaviour at work. The initial management theories especially the scientific management of Taylor and the bureaucracy of Weber theorised workers as rational, economically oriented actors whose productivity could be maximised by controlling, standardising and providing them with monetary rewards (Clegg, Pitsis and Mount, 2025). But with the work of Elton Mayo and since, psychological understanding started to question this mechanistic perception of work, with focus on the social, emotional, and cognitive aspects of work. This essay asserts that psychological theories have both humanised management in an understanding of the complex motivations and identities of workers, and have also expanded the managerial control into the inner world of employees. The essay discusses the impact of psychology on management, based on the work of Mayo, Maslow, McGregor, and modern psychological methods, as well as the critical analysis of Rose (1989), proving that the impact of psychology on management is significant and contradictory.

Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common reasons for consultation in children in primary care worldwide. It occurs in approximately 80% of children under five years of age, with a global prevalence of 10.85%, and a significant percentage experience recurrences (Mustafa et al., 2017). In the UK, OM contributes a substantial proportion of primary care consultations, resulting in considerable pressure on general practice services, particularly during the winter months (Ward, 2022). Although generally self-limiting, antibiotics are often prescribed for OM, with evidence showing that up to 87% of children attending with OM are prescribed antibiotics in the UK (Venekamp et al., 2014). Clinical research suggests that antibiotics do not significantly impact most cases, at least within the first 24 to 48 hours following symptom onset. It has been suggested that most doctors opt out mainly due to concerns about diagnosis, possible complications, and demands from parents (AbdEl-Aty et al., 2024).

Voting right is power of a democratic nation accompanied by freedom of expression, and free from any political pressure or influence Whittington, Kelemen and Caldeira (2011). In a democratic country, political interest of a person heavily depends on expectations, and their choices may also be influenced by family, friends, environment and also personal experience and opinions Levinsen and Yndigegn (2015). In this regards, a study conducted by Catterberg and Moreno (2006) found that political trust level of individuals is positively associated with the performance of government, democratic attitude, social capital, and well-being. Similarly, political trust level in some democratic country has been declining since two decades, which is attributed to promises made by democratic government, and then decisions truly do not reflect interest or expectations of peoples.

There are various differences between the primary, secondary and delegated legislation in terms of process, policies, agreement, changes, support and applications. Primary legislation is an act that is processed and possessed by the parliament of the country whereas secondary legislation can only make tiny alternations to an act. In difference to this, the act must say about the alterations that can be made through secondary legislation and what sort of procedures are followed by the secondary legislation (Kosti, Levi-Faur and Mor, 2019). The primary legislation depicts the statutes or acts of parliament and in contrast, the secondary legislation is reflecting the statutory instruments which are mainly recognized as the orders, rules, codes and regulations. The primary legislation is also categorized into two types on is public general acts and second is local and personal acts. The public general acts are escorted by descriptive notes which illustrate in proper language which act the sets out to attain and place its influence in the related context.

continue to understand self-concept formation, self-evaluation, and motivation as adults In 1958 Bowlby presented attachment theory, focusing on the bonds and relationships between people involving the child and parent. The attachment theory explains that secure and attached individuals might feel comfortable with themselves and others and have a more level of self-esteem (Vlierberghe et al., 2020). The central theme of attachment is that primary caregivers respond to the infant's needs and develop a sense of security and attachment. According to this theory, secure individuals have more self-esteem and self-belief than insecure individuals because of their more sure attachment to their parents (Johnson, 2019). This theory gives an internal model for making the infant's self-concept and expectations. This theory explains that attachment is a learning behaviour and is merely the result of caring relationships between the child and his caregiver, such as the mother. Bowlby gave the three main principal types of attachment, such as resistant attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment and secure attachment, which are helpful for positive self development in adults (Garrett, 2022). Developing self-concept and self-identity starts with the discovery of self in his childhood. After that, the sense of safety with the figures of attachment, such as parents, also encourages the positive development of self-concept, and the adults feel good about themselves (Homme & Shults, 2020).

With the advancements, Technology is continually immersed in the daily routines and has revolutionised significantly Retail Banking in the UK. The technology is enhancing the service delivery of the banking sector worldwide. The study aims to demonstrate the emergence and developments of technological advancements in Retail Banking in the UK by using the “Diffusion Theory of Technology”. The study relies on using both quantitative and qualitative research designs, mixed methodology to examine how technological advancement has influenced Retail banking in the UK. Data is obtained from secondary sources considering reliable and authentic journals, websites, news, and published documents. The quantitative data gathered is analysed through statistical tools such as SPSS and qualitative data obtained is analysed through content analysis. The findings exhibit that technology has notably improved and enhanced the operational activities of Retail Banking in the UK. The banking operations are now conducting speedy, efficiently, and effectively around the UK. With the adaption of the technology, better quality service delivery is provided. Technology has made possible the accessibility of banking services within the comfort area of the user. The study recommends that proper training in using and adopting technology must be provided to the employees to avoid their resistance to the adaption of the technology. The findings of this research are limited to the geographical area of the UK.

In previous decade, the significant change has been observed in shifting the delivery of palliative care from the healthcare settings to hospice and community-based settings and change is needed for ensuring that better patient is provided within the hospitals (Paes et al., 2018). Several researches have been conducted that have highlighted the dire need for better palliative care in acute hospital settings due to the severity of the patient's condition (Richards, Ingleton, and Gott, 2012; Gott et al., 2013). Moreover, access to high-quality palliative care has come to be an increased concern in the public health policy of the UK whereas policymakers have highlighted the importance of palliative care in hospital settings (Vanbutsele et al., 2018). It is because the majority of deaths in the UK have occurred in acute hospitals and the number of expected to increase in coming years (Richards, Ingleton, and Gott, 2012). This assignment is based on a systematic literature search were two studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, have been chosen for analysing palliative care in critical/acute hospital settings in the UK. Hence, a systematic search has been conducted using appropriate databases such as CINAHL, PubMed, and ProQuest. Both the researches have been analysed by using Holland and Rees (2010) critiquing framework. Their limitations, contributions as well as strengths have been discussed in the assignment.

The study has been conducted to identify whether the governance code is being successfully applied in the UK. The corporate governance of UK has been demonstrated to be highly effective in the previous studies. It has been noticed that the governance system has been updated continuously. The study has adopted qualitative secondary research design for this study. It has taken the data from the different articles and published documents and analysed through content analysis. The study findings has reflected that UK governance code is very much effective and flexible as well. It has been explained that the UK principles has provided effective codes for the management of the corporations.

In this advance world, the concept of service quality in the hospitality sector has been changed due to the changing demand of the customer, so to incorporate this aspect this research aimed to analyse the impact of service quality and its factors on the customer satisfaction in the UK hospitality industry specifically hotels and restaurants. To cater this aim, this research used mono method research to analyse and evaluate the factors of service quality, whereas four factors were highlighted in this research, which were food quality, price, behaviour intention and location and atmosphere. These four factors were analysed through quantitative with the help of primary data that was collected by 99 participants through survey. A research instruments was used by the researcher, in which questionnaire were taken by the customers. The data was then analysed through statistical analysis method for quantitative data. The quantitative findings of this research indicated that food quality, behaviour intention, price, location and atmosphere has the positive and significant impact on the customer satisfaction in the hotels and restaurants segment. Furthermore, the study also provides recommendations and implications.

This research is being conducted to determine and understand the reason behind the complexity of the civil war. A thorough discussion will be made to underpin the importance of the role of Syrian internal domestic politics in initiating the civil war. Moving forward, a comprehensive analysis will be on the involvement of geopolitics in backing or retaliation of the factors causing the conflict. To discover the role of global geopolitics, the contribution of various international powers to the Syrian civil war will be taken into consideration to develop a clear understanding and to fulfill the objective of the research.